DNS names are in domains managed. , DNS names on the Internet known to make a condition that is registering the corresponding domain .

In principle, participants are on the internet without a domain name – containing the correct IP address is sufficient in most cases. The numeric IP addresses can be severe but generally remember clearly as a meaningful name. In addition, a domain also other advantages such as accessibility at the same address, even after switching the server, virtual host name and load balancing via DNS . own name server available to do so or is the prerequisite for a successful web presence.

A simple and cheap way is to an existing domain registered in a subdomain. Suppose the fictitious company example GmbH uses the domain of their service provider ISP . Then could the domain name like this: www.example-gmbh.isp.com . Registration is not required here, since in principle (with some exceptions) to register domains that are directly below a top level domain lie.

Registration Organizations

A Network Information Center (or shortly Registry) is an organization, the domains managed. A domain name registrar acts as an interface between the Registry and the Registrant.

As a registrant of the end customer is known, so anyone who actually wants to register a particular domain. For legal or other reasons, this designation may be unusual nationally, in Germany we speak for example of the domain holders

Connectivity

Domain registration alone is not enough domain names to publish on the web. First, each domain on one or more name servers in a zone file to be present. Then in the zone that the parent domain, contains a reference (Delegation) name servers are registered on this.

With domain registration are therefore always in the parent name servers associated entries. The required NS resource records with the Registrar in conjunction with the authoritative registry in the parent server automatically considers normal. When registering, the client must do the – mostly from his own or made ​​available to providers – indicate the name servers that are authoritative, the new domain fold lines. In general, the registrar checks prior to registering this information in order to ensure that the delegation did not show ineffective.

For smaller domains, which are very few resource records included, can in some top-or second-level domains (such as. com) name server may be dispensed to separate. The resource records can be a domain registrar in its own name servers are deposited directly from.

Before a registration need clarification

Select a name

First, the name of the domain and the parent domain (usually a top-level domain such as. com or. en) be established. It should be examined to assess the possible rights of third parties (such as registered trademark). In each name can be letters, numbers or hyphens are included, between upper and lower case is not being made. The detailed rules (eg “name can not begin with a hyphen”) is before the Registrar. Depending on top-level domain registrar and other special characters may be used.

About the Whois service can be determined whether the desired domain name is available at all. Many providers offer this on your website more or less extensive query tools. The country-specific registration organ Istat ions also offer possibilities to check whether a domain has already been awarded. However, each domain there is usually only one’s own included. DENIC published, for example, only information about domains, with. Com ending.

Some top-level domains (TLDs), there are limitations that may prevent registration. must have, for example, in the. com and. fr-TLDs the applicant or his representatives administrative (admin-c) a postal address within the country concerned. A similar situation is also apply for. Eu domain. The nationality of the applicant does not matter.

Selection of a registrar or service provider

There are usually several ways to register its domain:

• through a direct contract with the operator of a (top level) domain (often expensive, often not easy, sometimes only as a major customer)
• with a registrar for the desired major domain
• a registrar with a collaborating service provider
• through a reseller or distributor who works with a service provider or registrar

For individuals and small businesses most service providers or their resellers are preferred because they are much cheaper and the service provider tedious detail work takes over and provides many essential services plus domain registration from a single source. As a guideline for the cost of registration in the German-speaking popular domains can go out every year by about 0 to 100 € for the registration and 6 to 180 € for the care. This varies with the top-level domains and with the service providers, as well as the volume of services they provide.

Setting up the server name

In addition, clarify who operates the name servers, which are on the future domain is. This could be your own server, or managed by an Internet Service Provider. If only a few DNS names required may be waived in some registries to operate their own name servers. The names are then registered to the name server of the Registry. DENIC allows, for example in such cases, up to five names for each domain.

The Name Server  must normally be available at the time of registration and the new domain already mentioned. Also, the name server itself to be registered. Responsible for the registration of which is the owner of the parent domain. Thus, for example, the registration of the name server ns1.example.com by the holder of the domain example.com will be carried out.

Expiry of a registration

A domain registration is done online via the Web interface, a proprietary application or through traditional forms which, by or by post sent to fax it. Some operations, such as deleting the domain or a trade, but can be performed automatically in many cases, but require a signed form.

When registering the name of the domain holder, and various administrative and technical contact shall be identified, also their mailing addresses. It should be noted that this information according to local data protection provisions of the Whois service can be accessible to everyone.

Simultaneously with the domain registration addresses some DNS name and IP registered. Normally, two or more NS records and any necessary glue records . For individuals or small businesses without their own name servers, some few A – and MX – RRs the name server of the registrar to be managed well.

The arrangements are from the registry. DENIC example, calls for at least two name servers must also be in different subnets. Other registries are or were less restrictive.

Many customers register a domain only with the option to park it (not to use) or sell on. There are services that provide for such temporary purposes Name Server.

By registering a domain legal impact associated.

Registration period

Registrations are limited in time principle. A domain can not buy “will”. Common in the first registration period is one year, at the end of which automatically renew. Most domains (not. De and. Eu) have larger intervals up to ten years also. Expire domain – because the payments fail about – it is a 30 days or more continuous blocking state set in (English: redemption grace period ), in which the owner has the opportunity to reactivate them. If reactivation of the will they finally released after about five days.

Subsequent changes

No changes to the registry data is usually carried out online. Through a password-secured Web access, the data can be edited by the holder at any time. Be a difficult operation is the domain transfer , a domain is transferred to another registrar in the. The latter is often referred to as Provider-exchange, since the domain transfer almost always from a service provider to another domain is transferred to the new registrar or at the same time, the new service provider is.

Anonymous registration

A controversial issue within the current registration practice is to publish personal information about domain owner and its administrative and technical representation in the central database of the relevant top-level domain. Information such as postal address or e-mail address of the Whois service by anyone and therefore potentially available to the abuse, such as professional address collectors suspended. On the other hand, in case of possible violations of the domain owner (such as improper registration of foreign brand names) that are legally available, in particular, have a serviceable address also.

A compromise solution to the anonymous registration. The registrar will use his own data or data from third parties instead of the customer information. Through a special contractual relationship of the anonymous customer is still owned the domain, even if it is not even listed in the Whois database. The Registrar acts as trustee on behalf of customers.

For some TLDs, such as for. Ch (Article 2.5 and 3.2 SWITCH GTC), there is an obligation on the part of the registrant’s right to disclose identity. If not, can the registry delete the domain name.

Historically important domains

The world’s first registered domain was nordu.net , it was the first January 1985 registered.

The company Symbolics registered on 15 March 1985 symbolics.com the first. com domain. In 1985, a total of six. Com domains registered , 1986 54 and 1987 47th